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Which of the following is NOT a principle of encryption?

  1. Authentication

  2. Integrity

  3. Encryption

  4. Non-repudiation

The correct answer is: Encryption

Encryption is a core component of encryption systems, but in the context of principles, it is more of a method or process rather than a guiding principle itself. The principles of encryption typically focus on how data can be secured, validated, and trusted rather than the act of encrypting the data itself. Authentication ensures that the parties involved are who they claim to be, while integrity is about ensuring that the data has not been altered in transit. Non-repudiation provides assurance that an entity cannot deny the authenticity of their signature on a document or a message. While encryption facilitates the aforementioned principles, it is not itself a principle in the same way that authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation are recognized as foundational concepts within the discipline of cryptography. Its role is more about implementing these principles rather than being categorized among them.