Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science

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What does Non-repudiation refer to in encryption?

The process of keeping the message confidential.
Preventing the sender from denying the sending of the message.
The ability to encrypt and decrypt data rapidly.
Allowing multiple recipients to access the message.

The correct answer is: Preventing the sender from denying the sending of the message.

Non-repudiation in encryption specifically refers to measures that prevent the sender from denying the transmission of a message. This is achieved through various cryptographic methods, such as the use of digital signatures. By signing a message with a digital signature, the sender can provide evidence of the origin and integrity of the message. This means that if a dispute arises regarding whether a message was sent, the signature can serve as proof that the sender indeed sent the message, thus eliminating the possibility of repudiation. In contrast, keeping a message confidential focuses on ensuring that only the intended recipient can read the message. Rapid encryption and decryption is concerned with the efficiency of the process but does not address the need for verifiable action of sending. Allowing multiple recipients to access a message pertains to the distribution of information rather than affirming the sender's identity after sending. Non-repudiation directly addresses the accountability of the sender, making it crucial in contexts where there may be legal or transactional implications.